What is the MTP Act? Explained: Supreme Court Admits Plea that Challenges the Constitutional Validity of the Act

The Supreme Court on Monday agreed to examine the constitutional validity of certain legal provisions that allow abortion only to save the woman's life or in case of abnormal fetus. The PIL says these laws violate women's right to health, "free reproductive choice" and "privacy".The apex court has sought response of the Central government on a PIL of three women who have sought that provisions like sections 3(2) (a) and 3(2) (b) of the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act, 1971 be declared as "void and unconstitutional."But what is the MTP act, and where does it stand today, 48 years after it was introduced?The Act allows for abortion only till the 20th week and under strict guidelines and is unreasonable, arbitrary and archaic. Many top gynecologists insist that the law shouldn’t get a partial strike-down but a total smack-down.What’s the Problem With Abortion At 20-weeks?In 1971, when the abortion Act was formed, there were no ultrasounds or foetal monitors to give a high-tech peek at the developing fetus. But today prenatal diagnostics can determine the height, weight, size of the brain, down syndrome, congenital heart defects, kidney functioning,The problem is that most of these abnormalities are picked up in ultrasounds only by the 20th to 24th week only and that exceeds the legal abortion ceiling.A lot of the kidney and brain defects manifest much later than the 20th week. Sometimes the report takes 2 to 3 weeks to come and all that doesn’t leave any window for termination. Dr Duru Shah, Gynaecologist, Director, Gynaec WorldIs the Health Of the Mother Compromised If She Aborts After 24 Weeks?An abortion is risky even in the first month. For that matter, any medical procedure is but if you do it in a proper facility with an ICU, under the supervision of a well trained doctor then there are minimal risks. Dr Firuza Parekh, Head, Department of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, Jaslok HospitalDr Parekh strongly feels that abortions over the stipulated time limit should be decided on a case-to-case basis by a panel of two to three doctors because the last thing a pregnant woman should have to do is run to the courts for her rights and have the entire nation peek into her choice.Also Read: In a First, SC Grants Permission to End 24-Week-Old PregnancyAbortion Laws Have Been Challenged BeforeNine years ago, a Mumbai couple Haresh and Niketa Mehta made national headlines with their plea to abort their 26-week-old foetus diagnosed with a congenital heart defect.For the first time there was a raging debate on the morality of terminating a foetus above 20 weeks, the ethics of knowingly bringing an impaired child into the world and challenging a law set 46 years ago.The Bombay High Court did not grant the couple’s plea saying that the medical experts had not categorically stated the child would “suffer from serious handicaps” — the pregnancy ended in a miscarriage. But the case triggered an amendment to the archaic law.The Supreme Court handed down a victory to all women in July 2016 when it allowed an anonymous rape survivor to abort her 24-week-old foetus after she learnt that it suffered from Anencephaly, a congenital birth defect where the unborn would grow without a major portion of the brain and skull.But earlier this year the Supreme Court denied the abortion plea of a 26 week pregnant rape victim living with HIV on grounds that it will endanger her life.Where’s the Proposed Amendment To the Abortion Law?In 2014, six years after the famous Niketa Mehta case, the Union Health Ministry drafted the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Bill, 2014, which aimed at allowing abortions after 20 weeks under special circumstances.According to the draft law, the decision to allow abortion between 20 and 24 weeks can be taken “in good faith” by a healthcare provider if, among other conditions, the pregnancy involves substantial risks to the mother or child, or if it is “alleged by the pregnant woman to have been caused by rape”. The revision of a law set more than 46 years back was long overdue but the state of healthcare in India is such that like all other health Bills, this has been sitting in the Parliament from over three years now.What Do Gynecologists Feel About the 48-year-old Act?What We ThinkTwenty weeks is too narrow a window for genetic abnormalities to manifest. Going by the stark statistic of illegal abortions in India, the outdated law does not stop women from going in the dark to a dangerous quack to terminate an unwanted pregnancy.In a fairer world, the government would not sit for years on a legislation which prevents women from putting their life at risk .Critics of late abortions would say reviewing the Medical Termination of Pregnancy, Act is an unnecessary government intervention. I imagine they would feel differently stepping on an elevator that hasn’t been inspected in 46 years.The 10-year-old rape victim, believed to be 30-weeks pregnant waits for the Supreme Court to announce its verdict on whether doctors can terminate her pregnancy.She’ll be examined by yet another set of doctors on the 26th. With each passing day, she loses time. It’s already been two weeks since the FIR was first lodged.The tragic case once again brings to light the absurdities of the Maternal Termination of Pregnancy Act 1971, that 46 years later still governs the law of the land.The Act allows for abortion only till the 20th week and under strict guidelines and is unreasonable, arbitrary and archaic. Many top gynecologists insist that the law shouldn’t get a partial strike-down but a total smack-down.What’s the Problem With Abortion At 20-weeks?In 1971, when the abortion Act was formed, there were no ultrasounds or foetal monitors to give a high-tech peek at the developing fetus. But today prenatal diagnostics can determine the height, weight, size of the brain, down syndrome, congenital heart defects, kidney functioning,The problem is that most of these abnormalities are picked up in ultrasounds only by the 20th to 24th week only and that exceeds the legal abortion ceiling.A lot of the kidney and brain defects manifest much later than the 20th week. Sometimes the report takes 2 to 3 weeks to come and all that doesn’t leave any window for termination. Dr Duru Shah, Gynaecologist, Director, Gynaec WorldIs the Health Of the Mother Compromised If She Aborts After 24 Weeks?An abortion is risky even in the first month. For that matter, any medical procedure is but if you do it in a proper facility with an ICU, under the supervision of a well trained doctor then there are minimal risks. Dr Firuza Parekh, Head, Department of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, Jaslok HospitalDr Parekh strongly feels that abortions over the stipulated time limit should be decided on a case-to-case basis by a panel of two to three doctors because the last thing a pregnant woman should have to do is run to the courts for her rights and have the entire nation peek into her choice.Also Read: In a First, SC Grants Permission to End 24-Week-Old PregnancyAbortion Laws Have Been Challenged BeforeNine years ago, a Mumbai couple Haresh and Niketa Mehta made national headlines with their plea to abort their 26-week-old foetus diagnosed with a congenital heart defect.For the first time there was a raging debate on the morality of terminating a foetus above 20 weeks, the ethics of knowingly bringing an impaired child into the world and challenging a law set 46 years ago.The Bombay High Court did not grant the couple’s plea saying that the medical experts had not categorically stated the child would “suffer from serious handicaps” — the pregnancy ended in a miscarriage. But the case triggered an amendment to the archaic law.The Supreme Court handed down a victory to all women in July 2016 when it allowed an anonymous rape survivor to abort her 24-week-old foetus after she learnt that it suffered from Anencephaly, a congenital birth defect where the unborn would grow without a major portion of the brain and skull.But earlier this year the Supreme Court denied the abortion plea of a 26 week pregnant rape victim living with HIV on grounds that it will endanger her life.Where’s the Proposed Amendment To the Abortion Law?In 2014, six years after the famous Niketa Mehta case, the Union Health Ministry drafted the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Bill, 2014, which aimed at allowing abortions after 20 weeks under special circumstances.According to the draft law, the decision to allow abortion between 20 and 24 weeks can be taken “in good faith” by a healthcare provider if, among other conditions, the pregnancy involves substantial risks to the mother or child, or if it is “alleged by the pregnant woman to have been caused by rape”. The revision of a law set more than 46 years back was long overdue but the state of healthcare in India is such that like all other health Bills, this has been sitting in the Parliament from over three years now.What Do Gynecologists Feel About the 46-year-old Act?What We ThinkTwenty weeks is too narrow a window for genetic abnormalities to manifest. Going by the stark statistic of illegal abortions in India, the outdated law does not stop women from going in the dark to a dangerous quack to terminate an unwanted pregnancy.In a fairer world, the government would not sit for years on a legislation which prevents women from putting their life at risk .Critics of late abortions would say reviewing the Medical Termination of Pregnancy, Act is an unnecessary government intervention. I imagine they would feel differently stepping on an elevator that hasn’t been inspected in 46 years.(We all love to express ourselves, but how often do we do it in our mother tongue? Here's your chance! This Independence Day, khul ke bol with BOL – Love your Bhasha. Sing, write, perform, spew poetry – whatever you like – in your mother tongue. Send us your BOL at bol@thequint.com or WhatsApp it to 9910181818.)

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MTP Act: Why the 48-Year-Old Abortion Law Needs to Be Smacked Down

As the SC debates the fate of 10-year-old rape victim, is it time to abort the 46 year old Abortion Act

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Topics: Pregnancy Abortion Abortion Laws