The murder of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi at Saudi Arabia’s consulate in Istanbul has put the United States’ relationship with the wealthy Gulf power under intense scrutiny.
After weeks of denying any knowledge about Khashoggi’s fate, Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman now says that Saudi agents strangled Khashoggi after a fistfight. Eighteen men have been arrested.
The Khashoggi affair highlights a persistent oddity in American foreign policy, one I observed in many years of working at the State Department and Department of Defense: selective morality in dealing with repressive regimes.
A Panoply of Dictators
The Trump administration is revoking the visas of some Saudi officials implicated in the death of Khashoggi, a Washington Post columnist who lived in the US, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo announced at an 23 October State Department news conference.
Turkey claims to have audio and video evidence that the Saudis tortured, assassinated and dismembered Khashoggi. Many of those arrested have close links to Salman.
But Trump has been reluctant to confront Saudi Arabia over the killing of Khashoggi. For weeks, he and other White House officials reminded critics that Saudi Arabia buys billions of dollars in weapons from the US and is a crucial partner in the American pressure campaign on Iran.
Their defence highlights why the US has for decades maintained close ties with some of the world’s worst human rights abusers.
Ever since the country emerged from the Cold War as the world’s dominant military and economic power, consecutive American presidents have seen financial and geopolitical benefit in overlooking the bad deeds of brutal regimes.
Changing Allegiances In the Middle East
Before the Islamic revolution in 1979, Iran was a close US ally. Shah Reza Pahlavi ruled harshly, using his secret police to torture and murder political dissidents.
But the Shah was also a secular, anti-communist leader in a Muslim-dominated region. President Nixon hoped that Iran would be the “Western policeman in the Persian Gulf.”
After the Shah was overthrown, the Reagan administration in the 1980s became friendly with Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein. The US supported him with intelligence during Iraq’s war with Iran and looked the other way when he used chemical weapons.
And before Syria’s intense, bloody civil war – which has killed an estimated 400,000 people and featured grisly chemical weapon attacks by the government – its authoritarian regime enjoyed relatively friendly relations with the US.
Syria has been on the State Department’s list of state sponsors of terrorism since 1979. But presidents Nixon, Carter, HW Bush and Clinton all visited President Bashar al-Assad’s father, who ruled from 1971 until his death in 2000.
Why Saudi Arabia Matters
The alleged assassination of Khashoggi by Saudi operatives may seem surprising because of its 31-year-old Crown Prince’s reputation as a moderate reformer.
Salman has made newsworthy changes in the conservative Arab kingdom, allowing women to drive, combating corruption and curtailing some powers of the religious police.
Still, Saudi Arabia remains one of the world’s most authoritarian regimes.
Women must have the consent of a male guardian to enroll in college, look for a job or travel. They cannot swim in public or try on clothes when shopping.
The Saudi government also routinely arrests people without judicial review, according to Human Rights Watch. Citizens can be executed for non-violent drug crimes, often in public. Forty-eight people were beheaded in the first four months of 2018 alone.
Saudi Arabia ranks just above North Korea on political rights, civil liberties and other measures of freedom, according to the democracy watchdog Freedom House.
But its wealth, strategic Middle East location, and petroleum exports keep the Saudis a vital US ally.
President Obama visited Saudi Arabia more than any other American president – four times in eight years – to discuss everything from Iran to oil production.
American Realpolitik
This kind of foreign policy – one based on practical, self-interested principles rather than moral or ideological concerns – is called ‘realpolitik.’
Henry Kissinger, secretary of state under Nixon, was a master of realpolitik, which drove that administration to normalise its relationship with China. Diplomatic relations between the two countries had ended in 1949 when Chinese communist revolutionaries took power.
Then, as now, China was incredibly repressive. Only 17 countries – including Saudi Arabia – are less free than China, according to Freedom House.
But China is also the world’s most populous nation and a nuclear power. Nixon, a fervent anti-communist, sought to exploit a growing rift between China and the Soviet Union.
Today, Washington retains the important, if occasionally rocky, relationship Kissinger forged with Beijing. President Trump may be critical of Chinese trade practices, but he is largely silent on China’s ongoing persecution of Muslim minority groups.
American realpolitik is not limited to the Middle East. After the Cuban Revolution of 1959, the US regularly backed Latin American military dictators who tortured and killed citizens to “defend” the Americas from communism.
US ‘Not So Innocent’
US presidents tend to underplay their relationships with repressive regimes, lauding lofty ‘American values’ instead.
That’s the language former President Barack Obama used in September to criticise Trump’s embrace of Russia’s authoritarian President Vladimir Putin citing America’s “commitment to certain values and principles like the rule of law and human rights and democracy.”
But Trump defended his relationship with Russia, tacitly invoking American realpolitik. “You think our country’s so innocent?” he asked on Fox News.
I can’t say he’s wrong.
The US maintains close ties to numerous regimes whose values and policies conflict with America’s constitutional guarantees of democracy, freedom of speech, the right to due process and many others.
It has for decades.
Saudi Arabia’s brutal treatment of journalist Jamal Khashoggi is causing international outcry and some light retaliation by the US government.
But American realpolitik suggests the tight US-Saudi relationship will continue.
(The author is Associate Professor of the Practice of International Relations, University of Southern California – Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences. This is an opinion piece and the views expressed above are the author’s own. The Quint neither endorses nor is responsible for the same. This article was originally published on The Conversation.)
(At The Quint, we are answerable only to our audience. Play an active role in shaping our journalism by becoming a member. Because the truth is worth it.)