The pink-coloured Economic Survey document tabled by Finance Minister Arun Jaitley in Parliament, on Monday, 29 January, recommended that India must confront the societal meta-preference for a son, observing that the adverse sex ratio of females to males has led to 63 million "missing" women.
The colour of this year's survey cover was chosen as a symbol of support for the growing movement to end violence against women, which spans continents.
Laying special emphasis on gender development, the survey cautioned that on several indicators, notably employment, use of reversible contraception and son preference, India has some distance to traverse despite the country's economic progress.
Decrease in the Percentage of Working Women
The survey states that just as India has committed to moving up the ranks in Ease of Doing Business indicators, a similar commitment should be endeavoured on the gender front.
The percentage of working women has declined over time, from 36 percent being employed in 2005-06 to 24 percent of women employed in 2015-16, pointed out the survey.
It acknowledges that government's 'Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao' and 'Sukanya Samridhi Yojana' schemes, and mandatory maternity leave rules are all steps in the right direction, pointing out that measures such as increasing maternity leave will offer support to women in the workforce.
Given these observations, the states and all stakeholders have an important role to play in increasing the opportunities available to women in education and employment, it said.
Over 21 Million ‘Unwanted’ Girls
As per the survey, nearly 47 percent of women do not use any contraception, and of those who do, less than a third use female-controlled reversible contraception.
The survey highlighted another phenomenon of son meta-preference, which involves parents adopting fertility "stopping rules" – having children until the desired number of sons are born.
This meta-preference leads naturally to the notional category of ‘unwanted’ girls, which is estimated at over 21 million.Economic Survey
Consigning these odious categories to history soon should be the society's objective, opines the survey. It also provides an assessment of India's performance on gender outcomes relative to other economies.
However, the survey notes an improvement in average levels of 12 out of 17 variables in India over time. While 62.3 percent of women in India were involved in decisions about their own health in 2005-06, the number increased to 74.5 percent in 2015-16.
The percentage of women who did not experience physical or emotional violence also increased from 63 percent to 71 percent, whereas the median age at first childbirth also increased by 1.3 years, over ten years.
The survey noted that the North-Eastern states have been consistently outperforming others on the development parameters related to women, while hinterland states are lagging behind.
However, surprisingly, some southern states such as Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu fare worse than expected, given their level of development, it said.
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