India is one of the world’s top five economies and the country with the world’s largest working-age population–around 861 million aged between 15 and 64. These data emphasises why education is critical to India’s future growth.
Yet, a third of teaching posts are vacant in India’s central universities. No Indian university (India has 36.6 million university students) finds a place in the global top 100. The highest rank achieved this year was 420 by Indian Institute of Science, a five-year low.
The rankings of Indian universities have steadily declined over four years to 2018. In 2014, the highest rank an Indian university reached was 328, in 2015 it was 341, in 2016, it dropped to 354 and in 2017, it was 397.
These ranks primarily focus on the quantity and quality of research papers–55 percent of the weightage–how many appear in top-tier or influential journals and how many are cited by other researchers.
Professors play a leading role in conducting academic research, apart from teaching duties. But India is short of professors, with 5,606 posts vacant in central universities, a shortfall of 33 percent, Satya Pal Singh, minister of state, ministry of human resources development (HRD) told the Lok Sabha (Parliament’s lower house) on 23 July, 2018. At the flagship Indian Institutes of Technology, 2,802 (34 percent) teaching posts are vacant.
Vacancies Affect Quality of Teaching, Research
Vacancies have been affecting the quality of teaching and research, professors told IndiaSpend. “For the last 15-20 years, universities have been neglected,” said Laxmi Narayan, a sociology professor from the University of Hyderabad. “There have been no teacher recruitment. A majority of the posts are vacant. When there are no teachers in the university, the quality of education will be low.”
Permanent teachers have the “time and responsibility” for research since they are not concerned with job security, Laxminarayana said. But “nowadays, the entire system is made up of contract teachers”.
Professors who do not have a permanent job–called “ad hocs”–find themselves on a contract that can range from four months to a year.
“Recruitments have not taken place for a number of years now,” a Delhi University professor told IndiaSpend on condition of anonymity. “A lot of teachers have been working as ad hocs. The ministry has not given a nod to the recruitment process. Even if the recruitments don’t take place, the teaching has to go on. So a huge number of ad hoc teachers are hired, who don’t have a sense of belonging to the institution.”
The government said recruitment is controlled by universities, and the ministry and Universities Grants Commission only to monitor the process.
“Occurring and filling up of vacancies is a continuous process,” India’s HRD minister Prakash Javadekar told the Lok Sabha (Parliament’s lower house) on 23 July, 2018. “Universities being autonomous institutions, the onus of filling up of vacant teaching posts lies with them,” he said.
“Universities are empowered to take a decision to engage contract faculty, if the recruitment is delayed due to court cases or such other contingencies,” R Subrahmanyam, secretary of higher education in the HRD ministry, told IndiaSpend over email.
The Question of Money
Funding appears to be a key issue in filling vacant teaching posts.
“The government says they don’t have enough money to recruit professors,” said Narayan. “So, instead of hiring one permanent teacher, which costs around Rs 100,000 to Rs 150,000, the universities hire three to four contract teachers.”
Western nations typically spend a greater proportion of their budget on higher education and a higher proportion of gross domestic product (GDP) on education, as the chart below indicates.
India spent 4.13 percent of its GDP on education in 2014, according to HRD Ministry data. This is lower than the UK, US and South Africa–countries that spent 5.68 percent, 5.22 percent and 6.05 percent respectively, of GDP on education. Fifty one of the top 100 universities in 2018-19 were from the US and eight from the UK.
The Indian government does plan to increase higher-education funding, with an increased focus on research. “Government has embarked on improving the funding for research, among other measures, to make the universities more competitive at (the) global level,” said higher-education secretary Subrahmanyam.
(This story was originally published on Indiaspend and has been republished with permission.)
(At The Quint, we are answerable only to our audience. Play an active role in shaping our journalism by becoming a member. Because the truth is worth it.)