Suman was just six when her father died in 2006. Brought up by her mother, she grew up in a desert village in Bikaner where child marriage was the norm rather than the exception. But the winds of change were blowing through Jaisalsar and a different future unfolded for Suman. Now 17 years old, she tells VillageSquare.in :
My mother stood behind me. The doors could have closed otherwise. I want to study, which wouldn’t happen if I married at the age of 6 or 14 years.
Suman secured first division in her 10th class examination. This year, she has appeared for the 12th boards.
Although India enacted the stringent Prohibition of Child Marriage Act in 2006, it was followed mostly in the breach in many parts of India.
The National Family Health Survey (NFHS, 2015-16) shows 33.4% of women in Bikaner district between 20-24 years were married before they were 18.
In the rough terrain of Rajasthan’s desert districts of Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur and Barmer, child marriages have been part of the lifestyle for centuries.
The Sands Have Shifted
Although the overall scenario in the state needs much improvement, some interventions on the ground have now helped in a social transformation in parts of rural Rajasthani. The people of Jaisalsar village, in Sridungargarh administrative block of Bikaner district, resolved they would not marry off any underage girl.
The last child marriage took place here in 2014. The results are already visible. Girls’ enrolment in secondary classes and colleges has increased. A majority of the villagers are involved in farming and very few migrate to cities of Rajasthan, Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata or other parts of the country for better options of livelihood.
At the village’s anganwadi (day care) centre, girls and mothers had gathered around Santosh Kanwar, who is doing her Master’s in Political Science and leading the girls groups.
Those girls who were married at an early age were denied the opportunity to grow. I think child marriage challenges the basic right of child brides to education, health, protection and development. The girls are forced into it a lot more in comparison to their male counterparts and impacts girls with more intensity.
In Rajasthan’s desert districts, girls belonging to the poor strata are more likely to be married early than the girls whose parents are from a financially stronger background.Santosh Kanwar to VillageSquare.in
Sitting close to Santosh, an ebullient Babita pointed out:
I have seen girls, even many of my cousins who were married before the age of 18, had little say about whether or when they should be pregnant. Compared to other age groups, these girls who were married had both the lowest use of contraception and the highest levels of unmet need for family planning. Child brides are not fully mature to be a mother and they have a high chance to being abused. (sic)
Girls Take the Lead
In her efforts to oppose child marriage, Suman was joined by Renu, a final year student of BA Arts.
Girls’ groups like Ekta (Unity) and Jagriti (Awakening) were formed in the village to build up awareness and drum up support for stopping child marriage in the village. The meetings of our groups are held once in a month to orient the girls’ on the issue of health, nutrition, education and child marriage.
Parents were persuaded to enroll their daughters in the schools. But still, a few among them still tried to get their daughters married at the age between 8 and 10 years, and then we adopted non-violent protest to stop the parents. In the face of continuous protests, the parents had to relent.
In Jaisalsar, villagers were sensitised with the help of respected elders and opinion leaders. URMUL Trust, an NGO based in Bikaner, helped encourage girls not to drop out of school. The girls’ groups and gram panchayat functionaries worked with school management committees to ensure girls drop rates fell. Girls’ groups came together at the Balika Manch (Young Girls’ Association) to work as pressure groups. Suman says:
Each day our motivation level increased. I persuaded 22 girls to get readmission in the school. In our village, whenever a girl child is born, our girls groups rejoice it by playing on a plate with a spoon (thali bajana).
Support of the Village Council
Surinder Sharma, a retired government school teacher, told VillageSquare.in:
In the aftermath of taking pledge publically (in 2014), panchayat officials were involved in eliminating the malaise from the village and there has been no child marriage since 2014. Their support to the girls groups and total involvement had increased their accountability.
Confirming the panchayat’s role, Shobhita Rajagopal, Jaipur-based sociologist and Associate Professor, Institute of Development Studies, told VillageSquare.in:
Ownership by a panchayat is a sustainable model since panchayats are constitutional bodies. The child-marriage-free panchayat model essentially works on public recognition as a positive incentive.
A Continuous Process
The campaign to make a village child-marriage-free is a continuous process. The panchayat has a campaign van with boards displaying slogans calling for an end to child marriage that travels through rural areas with a troupe of musicians, singers, singers and puppet performers. At Jaisalsar Government Secondary School, Nathu Khan’s mellifluous voice voices the sensibilities of students and youths.
The movement to end child marriages is spreading through desert areas. The campaign is running successfully in 177 villages of Bikaner, Jodhpur, Barmer and Jaisalmer districts. Some 49 villages have got rid of the practice.
(This article was originally published on VillageSquare.in. Tarun Kanti Bose is a New Delhi-based journalist.)
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