Government data indicates that more than 10 lakh houses were built for the urban poor in the last 11 years and 23 percent of them are lying vacant. In Delhi, 96 percent of the completed houses are vacant.
Since the mid 2000s, urban housing has been a key priority area for various governments. In the last 11 years, three different schemes of housing for the urban poor have been implemented. As per the latest available government data, 23 percent of the more than 10 lakh houses built for the urban poor since 2005 lie vacant due to varied reasons.
Three Different Housing Schemes for Urban Poor
Starting 2005, the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India has been implementing three different housing schemes for the urban poor.
- The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) was launched in 2005 and was initially planned for a seven year period (2005-2012).It has now been extended up to 31 March 2017 for completing ongoing projects sanctioned up to 31 March 2012.
- Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) was started in 2011 and has been discontinued in May 2015. The pending liabilities under this scheme have been subsumed in the new PMAY scheme.
- Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Housing for All (PMAY-HFA – Urban) scheme for extending central assistance to States/UTs for providing houses and related civic amenities to urban poor including slum dwellers.This is launched in June 2015.
All the above schemes provide central assistance to States/UTs to build houses and related civic amenities to the urban poor.
More Than 10 Lakh Houses Built So Far
There are no state-level targets for these schemes and central assistance is sanctioned based on proposals submitted by states. Till date, a total of 10,32,443 houses sanctioned under the above schemes have been completed. A majority of these houses were sanctioned under JNNURM. More than 10 lakh houses have been completed under the JNNURM scheme while only 20954 houses are completed under the RAY scheme. The PMAY scheme is relatively new and only 710 houses have been completed till date.
Seven States Account for More Than 70 Percent of The Houses Built
Out of the 10 lakh odd houses built under the scheme so far, more than 70 percent of the houses were built in the seven states of West Bengal, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh. The maximum numbers of houses were built in West Bengal followed by Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. These are the only four states where more than a lakh houses were built. Twenty three States/UTs account for less than 10 percent of the houses built under these schemes.
An Average of Rs 2.08 Lakh Released Per House
Till date, a total amount of Rs 21,481.62 crore has been released to States/UTs under the three schemes for construction of houses. When compared with the number of houses constructed, the average expenditure per house comes to Rs 2.08 lakh. Surprisingly, the average expenditure per house was different in different states based on funds released by the central government. In Uttar Pradesh, it was Rs 2.59 lakh per house while the lowest was in Tamil Nadu (Rs 1.34 lakh per house).
96 Percent of The Houses Built in Delhi Lie Vacant
Of the 10 lakh odd houses completed so far, 2,38,448 houses are lying unoccupied. In other words, 23.1 percent of the houses completed so far are vacant. In Delhi, a staggering 95.9 percent houses are lying vacant. Of the states with a very high number of houses built for the urban poor, 42.3 percent are lying vacant in Maharashtra, 11 percent in Tamil Nadu, 18.8 percent in Gujarat, 37.9 percent in Andhra Pradesh, 24.4 percent in Telangana and 24.1 percent in Uttar Pradesh. Though the highest number of houses were built in West Bengal, less than 1 percent (0.8 percent) are lying vacant there.
Who is To Blame?
The Government of India (GOI) maintains that the construction and allotment of houses under these schemes are the responsibility of the State/UT Governments concerned. The reasons cited for the high percentage of vacancy are the following
- Reluctance of slum dwellers / beneficiaries to shift in cases of relocation projects
- Lack of / incomplete basic infrastructure and livelihood sources etc
The GOI also says that it has been reviewing the issue of vacancy in the meetings of Central Sanctioning and Monitoring Committee (CSMC) and that it is advising the State/UT Governments to expedite allotment of vacant houses to the beneficiaries and submit a plan for 100 percent occupancy. But nothing explains the vacancies in UTs where the central government itself is responsible.
(This article has been published in collaboration with Factly.)
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