Narendra Modi leaned to whisper in the ear of the man sitting cross-legged and barefoot next to him, the one clad in saffron robes with a long beard and squinty gaze. It was late in the afternoon of 23 March 2014 in New Delhi and the start of national elections was a fortnight away.
A few minutes later, the yoga guru and entrepreneur known as Baba Ramdev turned to a microphone and urged the crowd before him to mobilise votes for Modi: "You'll make other people understand, won't you? You won't sit at home, will you?" The crowd roared back, "No!"
Modi grinned. Ramdev laughed. The politician and the co-founder of a billion-dollar consumer products business were both headed to the pinnacle of a right-wing Hindu movement that seeks to shape the destiny of the world's fastest-growing major economy. About two months after the rally, when voting had rolled across the vast country, Modi's Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) swept the Congress Party from power.
His business-friendly language won widespread praise. But it was also his trumpeting of a Hindu nationalist message – the idea that India should be ruled as a nation by and for Hindus – that helped propel him to victory.
Ramdev is one of India’s most instantly recognisable figures, and his company's traditional foods and health supplements are among the country's fastest-growing brands.
He tapped his following as a TV yoga celebrity and deployed resources from his consumer goods empire, mobilising voters and synchronising messaging with the BJP in a 2014 campaign that was larger and more tightly coordinated with Modi's party than is publicly known.
Since Modi came to power, Ramdev's company has received more than an estimated $46 million in discounts for land acquisitions in states controlled by the BJP, according to a Reuters review of state government documents, interviews with officials and real estate estimates. It gained access to other land free of charge. The firm, Patanjali, has also received something of an official imprimatur from a newly created ministry and BJP leaders.
Three weeks after the rally in New Delhi, a trust controlled by Ramdev released a YouTube video in which senior BJP members posed with a signed oath.
The document, reviewed by Reuters, laid out nine pledges. These included the protection of cows, an animal held sacred in Hinduism, and reforming much of the Indian life to make it ‘swadeshi’.
That set of beliefs, the oath said, extended to the courts, government, cultural institutions and education. The five signatories pictured in the video included the present ministers of foreign affairs, finance, internal security and transportation. None of the ministers responded to questions about the pledge.
"We have created these nine points."
A spokesman for one of the signatories, BJP party elder and former Deputy Prime Minister LK Advani, at first denied knowledge of the document, and then said it was unrelated to Ramdev.
A Patanjali official familiar with the document said senior members of the BJP had put their names to it as a condition of Ramdev's support.
Ramdev's business has boomed since the BJP took power. Revenues at his consumer goods enterprise are soaring – from about $156 million in the financial year ending March 2013 to more than $322 million in the year to March 2015, according to financial filings. In early May, Ramdev said revenues in the financial year just ended had jumped to about $1.6 billion.
The firm's products range from toothpaste to clarified butter and household cleaning materials. They are found in every corner of the country, from the scantest villages to teeming cities. Its foods, which include rice, biscuits and chutney, are sold in the army canteens and served on some tables in the parliament.
"As East India Company plundered our country for 200 years," reads one advertisement, "likewise these multinationals are exploiting our country by selling their harmful and dangerous chemical products. Beware!"
Ramdev is at once effusive about Modi and reluctant to give details about his relationship with the Prime Minister. "Modiji is a close friend," he said, at an interview in 2016 at his home in the northern town of Haridwar at the base of the Himalayas, where poplar trees peeked over high compound walls and black-clad security held assault rifles.
Modi’s office did not respond to questions for this story.
Of his role in Modi’s success in 2014, Ramdev said,
Since Modi took office in May 2014, Patanjali has acquired almost 2,000 acres of land for building factories, research facilities and establishing supply chains of herbs for its products, according to state land documents and interviews with officials. During the rule of the previous Congress-led government, the firm had been selling large tracts of its land holdings.
In the BJP-controlled states, Patanjali received a discount on the land purchased of 77 percent off market prices, according to state government documents, interviews with officials and land values provided by local real estate agents. The company has pledged to use the property to create more jobs with new factories, answering a major need in India, where millions of people are reaching working age each year.
Official reporting of land transactions in India is patchy, especially of deals involving smaller acreages. But some do surface.
Neither the Modi's office nor Patanjali executives, including Ramdev, responded to written questions about the transactions, which were lawful.
At a stone-laying ceremony for a Patanjali food processing plant in the central Indian city of Nagpur in September 2016, one of the signers of the oath in the Ramdev video, Transportation Minister Nitin Gadkari, made a personal appearance. A video recording of the event showed Patanjali's Managing Director Acharya Balkrishna turning to Gadkari. "We want a road" leading to the site of the planned factory, Balkrishna said.
From his place on a white sofa, the minister smiled.
Ramdev, who sat between Gadkari and the state's BJP Chief Minister, Devendra Fadnavis, laughed and applauded.
Gadkari did not respond to questions.
Patanjali had paid some Rs 59 crore for the 234-acre property. The land abuts a special economic zone (SEZ) promoted by the state, and its market price was more than Rs 260 crore, according to comments submitted to the state legislature by Fadnavis.
A trip to the site found it sits just on the other side of a small wall from a police and fire station, and across the street from a corporate park. A road under construction at the back of the property will be accessible to Patanjali.
A spokesman for the government development authority that oversees the area, said the deal included commitments to the community: buying raw materials from local sources, training 2,000 farmers in new skills and employing 5,000 people from nearby villages. "Patanjali is an Indian company, an ayurvedic company, so many states give them free land," the spokesman, Deepak Joshi, said.
The largest transaction was a transfer of some 1,200 acres of undeveloped land in the eastern state of Assam in October and December 2014. The deal was struck by the Bodoland Territorial Council, an agency that oversees an autonomous region and is controlled by the Bodoland Peoples Front (BPF). The BPF had broken from a Congress-led coalition in the state earlier in 2014, before allying with the BJP in January 2016. Kampa Borgoyary, deputy chairman of the council and spokesman for the BPF, said the party "had known from the beginning it would support the BJP."
According to state legislature documents reviewed by Reuters, the land was "allotted without cost" – given free of charge – to Patanjali Yogpeeth, a trust controlled by Patanjali Managing Director Balkrishna and Ramdev, on the condition that it be used for the "preservation and promotion of cow breeds."
Commercial transactions involving land of this sort are unusual, making it difficult to put a value on the plot.
In Uttar Pradesh, where Ramdev's company acquired a tract of land, not overseen by the BJP or an administration favourable to the ruling party, the savings were smaller, with 300 acres of land being given at 25 per cent below market prices, in November 2006.
The discount was in keeping with standard practice for deals that size, the chief executive officer of the industrial area said.
Patanjali and, to a lesser degree, other Indian companies attached to what are known as "godmen", and other spiritual leaders, have received government support and tax breaks under Modi.
Unilever's head of investor relations, Andrew Stephen, spoke about intense local competition in India's personal care market, including from Patanjali, when presenting the firm's third quarter earnings in 2016. Hindustan Unilever's Chief Financial Officer PB Balaji said this month the firm was introducing natural variants of its existing brands
In another sector, a Reuters investigation earlier in 2017 found that the ideological parent of the BJP was instrumental in a lobbying campaign that supported an Indian firm and its allies against Monsanto Co, the world's largest seed company. In response to a Reuters' query about that turn of events, a Monsanto executive released a statement saying it was "unfortunate that these disputing companies sought policy interventions to address a bilateral matter."
Within half a year of coming to power, Modi’s administration transformed an obscure government department of Ayurveda into a standing ministry dedicated to popularising the practice of yoga and the use of ayurvedic products, for which Patanjali is a market leader.
It has participated in promotional and training sessions with Ramdev and his organisation, from online presentations to a mass yoga demonstration with the minister of housing and urban development on New Delhi's central boulevard.
The Ministry of Finance in 2015 defined yoga as a "charitable purpose," reducing the associated tax burden.
Finance Minister Arun Jaitley was one of the signatories of the pledge before the 2014 elections. Jaitley, Ramdev and other Patanjali executives did not respond to questions about the policy.
Modi's BJP is pushing back against the secular legacy of its political predecessors in what some party leaders have referred to as a "cultural revolution" in a nation that is almost 80 percent Hindu, with Muslims forming roughly 14 percent.
Modi has spoken out against the so-called cow vigilantes.
Modi and Ramdev have much in common. Like Modi, the son of a train-station tea seller, Ramdev came from humble beginnings. The son of a farmer, he was born in north India in the mid-1960’s.
Jeevraj Patel, a businessman in the construction sector, said that when he first met Ramdev in 1992, the "swami" was running small yoga camps and mixing medicinal herbs. He lived in an ashram, a spiritual retreat, in Haridwar.
Balkrishna described the two of them making fires to mix ingredients for chyawanprash, and then carrying vats of it home on their heads – as neither had the money for a rickshaw ride.
Ramdev might have remained a local character if not for a spiritual TV channel named Aastha. In 2001, the station sent talent scouts to look for new faces, said Ajit Gupta, at the time the chief executive of the firm that owned Aastha. They came across Ramdev.
"His language was straight. People were impressed by his stomach asanas," Gupta said. The more slots the channel put Ramdev on, the more requests it received from viewers to see him, said Ved Sharma, then marketing manager at Aastha. Ramdev was becoming a star.
Aditya Pittie, who runs one of Patanjali's largest distributors, calls Ramdev the "super boss." Yet current corporate filings make no mention of him. Ramdev's name did appear on a document published by the company on its website in 2011. Dated from 1999, it showed Ramdev signing as the president of one of the firm's trusts. Three years prior, his signature appeared on a balance sheet of the same trust.
Ramdev told Reuters he’d given signing authority – permission to sign on his behalf – to Balkrishna. At his office in Haridwar recently, Balkrishna sat at a desk with his back to an image of Ramdev in meditation.
Balkrishna pointed to the plain slippers on his feet. They had cost Rs 400, he said. Neither he nor Ramdev collect salaries, he added. Balkrishna's net worth was estimated at $2.5 billion in 2016 by Forbes, making him the 48th richest Indian in a nation of some 1.3 billion people. Nothing is known publicly about Ramdev's assets.
A Reuters review of the financial filings of dozens of Patanjali companies found large dividend payments to Balkrishna, Ramdev's brother Ram Bharat and other owners. In one company, Balkrishna and minority shareholders received about $18 million in five years. In another company controlled by Ramdev's brother, dividends declared one year amounted to 60 percent of profits.
Balkrishna told Reuters that dividends were used to repay original investors:
Neither Ramdev's brother nor other company representatives responded to written questions about the dividend payments.
Ramdev burst into politics in 2011 when he joined anti-corruption protests directed against the ruling Congress Party. In 2013, he made a series of public remarks backing Modi as the man to lead India. It was the beginning of a multi-pronged campaign by Ramdev in support of Modi, the full details of which have not previously been reported.
A communications firm called Social Revolution Media and Research was started by two directors from companies under the Patanjali umbrella, according to corporate filings. It held weekly meetings with the BJP's information technology division to coordinate messages on Twitter and other social platforms, said Shantanu Gupta, the communications firm's CEO.
Members of Ramdev's organisation describe how hundreds of thousands of volunteers spread out to mobilise votes for Modi. In Mumbai, Narendra Shastri, a yoga teacher with Patanjali trust, said he worked from dawn to dark, ringing doorbells and handing out pamphlets backing Modi's party.
On a different stage this May, at an inauguration ceremony for the Patanjali research institute in Haridwar, Modi clapped his hands in a gesture of respect toward Ramdev. Ramdev returned the gesture, tilting his head with a wide smile.
Modi proclaimed to the audience, and to those watching the live broadcast at home, "Baba Ramdev will take Bharat's ayurveda before the world."
(This article has been published in arrangement with Reuters)
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